Ethical Theories — Utilitarianism, Deontology, Virtue Ethics, Moral Relativism

What should you study in Ethical Theories?

• Utilitarianism — Bentham & Mill; greatest happiness principle; hedonic calculus
• Deontological ethics — Kant's categorical imperative; duty-based
• Virtue ethics — Aristotle; character, flourishing (eudaimonia)
• Moral relativism vs moral absolutism

How often is Ethical Theories asked in UPSC Mains?

Asked in 5 of 10 years, including 3 of the last 5. Highlighted years below are the ones it appeared in.

1. 2016: not asked
2. 2017: asked
3. 2018: not asked
4. 2019: asked
5. 2020: not asked
6. 2021: asked
7. 2022: not asked
8. 2023: asked
9. 2024: not asked
10. 2025: asked

About the Mains GS Paper IV paper

GS Paper IV is the 250-mark Mains paper on ethics, integrity and aptitude, including case studies. See all 34 Mains GS Paper IV topics.

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