Ecosystems & Nature-Based Solutions — Mangroves, Wetlands, Grasslands

What should you study in Ecosystems & Nature-Based Solutions?

• Mangrove restoration — Mangrove Alliance for Climate; India's +74 km² gain
• Wetland conservation — Ramsar sites (75+); National Wetland Conservation Plan
• Grassland & savanna — Blackbuck, Great Indian Bustard habitats
• Urban biodiversity — urban forests, rooftop gardens, green corridors

How often is Ecosystems & Nature-Based Solutions asked in UPSC Mains?

Asked in 3 of 10 years, including 3 of the last 5. Highlighted years below are the ones it appeared in.

1. 2016: not asked
2. 2017: not asked
3. 2018: not asked
4. 2019: not asked
5. 2020: not asked
6. 2021: asked
7. 2022: not asked
8. 2023: asked
9. 2024: not asked
10. 2025: asked

About the Mains GS Paper III paper

GS Paper III is a 250-mark descriptive Mains paper covering technology, economic development, biodiversity, environment, security and disaster management. See all 50 Mains GS Paper III topics.

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