Infrastructure Investment — PPP Models & Financing

What should you study in Infrastructure Investment?

• PM Gati Shakti — multimodal connectivity; NMP (National Master Plan)
• National Infrastructure Pipeline — ₹111 lakh crore; sector breakdown
• PPP models — HAM (Hybrid Annuity), BOT, BOOT; VGF
• Logistics cost — 13% of GDP; PM Gati Shakti target to reduce to 8%

How often is Infrastructure Investment asked in UPSC Mains?

Asked in 3 of 10 years, including 2 of the last 5. Highlighted years below are the ones it appeared in.

1. 2016: not asked
2. 2017: not asked
3. 2018: asked
4. 2019: not asked
5. 2020: not asked
6. 2021: asked
7. 2022: not asked
8. 2023: asked
9. 2024: not asked
10. 2025: not asked

About the Mains GS Paper III paper

GS Paper III is a 250-mark descriptive Mains paper covering technology, economic development, biodiversity, environment, security and disaster management. See all 50 Mains GS Paper III topics.

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