S&T Developments — India's Ecosystem & Indigenisation

What should you study in S&T Developments?

• ISRO — Chandrayaan-3 (soft landing 2023), Aditya-L1, Gaganyaan
• DRDO — Agni, Brahmos, ASAT (Mission Shakti); indigenisation
• DST, DBT, CSIR — R&D ecosystem; Atal Innovation Mission
• Innovation indices — GII rank; R&D % of GDP (0.7% vs OECD 2.5%)

How often is S&T Developments asked in UPSC Mains?

Asked in 5 of 10 years, including 2 of the last 5. Highlighted years below are the ones it appeared in.

1. 2016: asked
2. 2017: not asked
3. 2018: asked
4. 2019: not asked
5. 2020: asked
6. 2021: not asked
7. 2022: asked
8. 2023: not asked
9. 2024: asked
10. 2025: not asked

About the Mains GS Paper III paper

GS Paper III is a 250-mark descriptive Mains paper covering technology, economic development, biodiversity, environment, security and disaster management. See all 50 Mains GS Paper III topics.

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